What are monomers?

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

What are polymers?

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

What is a condensation reaction?

a reaction that joins two molecules together to form a chemical bond whilst eliminating of a molecule of water

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

What is a monosaccharide?

monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

How is a glycosidic bond formed?

a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

Name the three main examples of polysaccharides.

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Describe Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

gently heat a solution of a food sample with an equal volume of Benedict’s solution for five minutes, the solution turns orange/brown if reducing sugar is present

Name the two main groups of lipids

phospholipids, triglycerides (fats and oils)

Give four roles of lipids

source of energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection

What is an ester bond?

a bond formed by a condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid

Describe the emulsion test for lipids

mix the sample with ethanol in a clean test tube, shake the sample, add water, shake the sample again, a cloudy white colour indicates that lipid is present

What are the monomers that make up proteins?

amino acids

Draw the structure of an amino acid

How is a peptide bond formed?

a condensation reaction between two amino acids

What is a polypeptide?

many amino acids joined together

Describe the biuret test for proteins

mix the sample with sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature, add very dilute copper(II) sulfate solution, mix gently, a purple colour indicates that peptide bonds are present

How does an enzyme affect a reaction?

it lowers the activation energy

Give five factors which can affect enzyme action.

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, inhibitor concentration

What is a competitive inhibitor?

a molecule with a similar shape to the substrate, allowing it to occupy the active site of the enzyme

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

a molecule that changes the shape of the enzyme by binding somewhere other than the active site.